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SiONlTIf JO AlISiBAINfl

PICTURESQUE

PALESTINE

ARABIA AND SYRIA

THE COUNTRY • THE PEOPLE
AND THE LANDSCAPE

KARL GROBER

NEW YORK • BRENTANO’S PUBLISHERS

PRINTED IN GERMANY

THE MAJORITY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS IN THIS BOOK WERE TAKEN
BY DR. KARL GROBER, MUNICH, AND BY LEHNERT & LANDROCK, CAIRO

Details of sources on p. XVI

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S I ,\om our very childhood on we have been familiar \\ ith the scenes of biblical
£ X-1 events. Each of us has created for himself pictures of the spots which he
£ has read about in the Old and New Testament. But most ot these pictuies aie
based on the recollection ot those in our school-books which, though they are
indeliblv stamped in the memories of childhood, do not in the least coincide with
actual scenes. The painter’s or draughtsman’s imaginary view unconsciously
distorts the real aspect and otten even renders it bizarre and impossible. It is
difficult, nay, nearly impossible, for the student to discover a connection between
to-day and the times when Our Lord was still on earth in the Holy Land. It is
also nearly impossible, when we are in the present-day miserable little ports oi
Tv re and Sidon, to imagine ourselves back in the fabulous splendoui ot the richest
cities of Antiquity. The ruins of Babylon, or even of Nineveh, were hardly able to
retain even a shadow ot the magnificence that they once radiated. W ith but the
exception of a few remnants all these towns with their toweis, walls and temples
are heaps of ruins. The villages in which once the Biblical cnaiacteis dw elt and
toiled have often changed their aspect during the course of the centuries. Even
their old names are hardly recognizable in their mutilated forms. Only the gieat
contours of the landscape have remained. But the garb of nature is no longer
the same. Countries that once supported millions are now parched sand wastes.
Mountains whose slopes were covered to the very summits now stand naked to
their feet. The old canals fell in and agriculture disappeared with them. The
rivers dried up or found new beds, the cities on their banks decayed. Much was
destroved by the wars that so otten raged on the soil ot the Orient. What has
remained from the times ot the Old and New Testament is but little. What is
shown to the pious pilgrim in the Holy Land searching the sites ot Biblical e\ents
will seldom survive severe criticism. But what does it matter it the leal spot is
perhaps a hundred paces of! from that which is veneiated b\ pious thoughts to
day? Is not here the very earth itself sacred? 1 here is a strange atmosphere in
these countries, and from their charm none can escape. I he pictuies in this
volume show us the places made immortal by those who are spoken ol in the Bible,
as well as all those spots which played a role in Biblical countries since the days
of Antiquity. Eor most of us, knowledge of the history of the Orient ceases with
the destruction of Jerusalem, and it was only the Crusades that brought it back
into the sphere of interest. Only few know how the sovereignty ot Islam
which has now set its impress on the country for over twelve hundied years-
changed the sacred places; how in the days following the destruction ot the (.it)

597303

the external features of the landscape were modified, or what has been preserved
of the different cultures that have perished.

It is necessary to give a short history of the single countries and to show
how they developed from the earliest times to those of Our Lord and from then
to the present, in order to make these relics of different centuries comprehensible.
But this cannot be done by presenting a common history of Palestine, Syria, Meso¬
potamia and Arabia. Even if a single ruler guided the fate of all for a long time,
nevertheless, each of these countries represents a unit for itself which again and
again follows its own course for centuries. And their geographical character
continually made for historical isolation. In addition to this, during the course
of the centuries each of them attained to a zenith in the history of mankind,
Hashing forth meteor-like and -then falling back into a darkness in which even
the memory of great times died, states and cities decayed and finally the sand
of the desert swept the very memory of their great names away. And yet they
all still contain many visible memories that always arouse our interest, but which
we cannot comprehend unless we consider their development separately and
range the witnesses of great events in their proper order in history.

Situated between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf lies Arabia, the greatest
of all peninsulas. In the north it is encircled like a great horse-shoe by the once
fertile district of Mesopotamia with its twin streams Euphrates and Tigris, by
Syria and Palestine. Arabia is an enormous high plateau with waste deserts,
many of which have never been crossed by the foot of man. The country is
cut off from the sea by mountains, and it was only along the narrow coastal
strip that towns and villages with their fields and gardens and a settled population
could develop. In the interior numerous Bedouin tribes still move from place
to place with their camel herds (the only wealth of these bold and frugal nomads),
just as they did four thousand years ago. A few smaller or larger oases, mostly
the seats of the powerful tribal chiefs, are scattered over the desert. The Be¬
douin is always moving He wanders with his herds from one pasturage to an¬
other. During the rainy season he finds sustenance for them in the interior of
the desert too. The rain causes sufficient nourishment to grow on the parched
soil. But when the last drop has fallen and has rapidly evaporated the tribe
must move on to where scanty nourishment can be found along the lower slopes
of the mountains. Thus the Bedouins are continually on the move, continually
quarrelling, and often enough having recourse to the vendetta. They are always
ready to reap what the diligent peasant has laboriously sown and watered along
the edge of the desert. Between the Arabian desert and the Persian mountains,
Mesopotamia, one of the most ancient civilized countries of the world, stretches
to the north-east. The two great twin streams Euphrats and Tigris flow through
the vast flat basin of this country; still fertilizing it along their banks, whereas
once they enr iched the whole huge district by means of a network of canals
and made it into one great granary. In the north the Taurus cuts off the country
from Armenia and Asia Minor. Syria and little Palestine which belongs to it

geographically lie between the desert and the Mediterranean. Only the fertile
district of the volcanic Hauran stretches like an oasis into the waste solitudes.
Two great mountain ranges, those of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon fringe the sea¬
shore with their spurs and extend to the Peninsula of Sinai with their fertile fields
among the wooded slopes. Syria, like the Arabian peninsula, lacks great rivers.
Only the Orontes of the ancients in the north of the country and the Jordan
in its subsided depression (which runs through eastern Palestine between the
mountains of Judah and Trans-Jordania) are of any importance. The strangest
geological phenomenon of the whole district is the Dead Sea. This salt lake is
nearly 400 metres below the level of the Mediterranean and a quarter of its contents
consists of solids. It is the deepest spot known on earth. The connection with
Africa, to which Arabia in its geological formation and climatic conditions belongs,
is now cut by the Suez Canal. To the south the Sinai Peninsula rises above the
Red Sea with the rugged mounts of Serbal and Sinai, the highest peaks in Arabia.

PALESTINE

The beginnings of the history of Palestine are still wrapped in darkness,
and many students suggest that the ancestors of the ancient Hebrews lived as
nomads in the great Arabian desert and only settled down in the country in
the year 1200 B. C. The belief in Yahveh, the One God, raised the Chosen
People above all nations of antiquity and caused them to move along another
spiritual path than their heathen neighbours. We all know the historical deve¬
lopment of the country from the Bible, and we are likewise familiar with the
names of its kings and prophets. The magnificence of Jerusalem and her Temple
in the days of Solomon projects its dazzling rays into our own times. But this
all disappeared, and the days of the Old Testament have left few traces in the
country. Only graves and cave tombs can be traced with certainty back to
the times of ancient Israel. But a small part of the foundations of the old Temple
remains. Here it is that the Jews still bewail the destruction of the Holy City.
Otherwise, all that is left of that epoch are the remains of the old pools in and
outside Jerusalem that once stored the water for the hot summer. To-day
three pools near Bethlehem, called the Pools of Solomon, are being restored
for the water-supply of Jerusalem. New excavations have at least traced the
walls of ancient Jericho. In the year 302 B. C , Alexander the Great subjugated
Judaea, and from that date on Hellenistic culture penetrated more and more
into Palestine. After the conquest of Jerusalem by the Romans (63 B. C ), Roman
culture found its way to Palestine. One recognizes the influence of foreign
cultures in the three great tombs in the Valley of theKidron. They betray Greek
and Late Egyptian forms. The building activity of the Romans in the country
was very great. Theatres, temples, baths and aqueducts rose everyw here in the
towns and villages to the very fringe of the desert. Numerous ruins bear witness
to their great scale, and such ruins as Gerasa and Amman to the east of the

VII

Jordan and the graves of the rock city Petra in the south of the country, an old
Nabataean town already decayed in the fourth century, still give an idea of the
magnificence obtaining in the country in the days of Christ. Herod the Great,
who ornamented Jerusalem with the most beautiful buildings, built himself a
palace in Samaria. Its graceful columns breathe the spirit of the purest Hellenism.
Jerusalem was destroyed (70 A. D.). Not a stone remained standing. A new
Roman city was built on the ruins and did not even retain the old name. Where
formerly the Temple of the Only God stood, a temple was erected to Jupiter,
and no Jew was allowed to set foot in the town under penalty of death. On
the fall of the old city, all the spots which held memories of the work and death
of Christ in Jerusalem disappeared and were only preserved in tradition. Never¬
theless, early Christendom grew stronger in spite of all persecutions, and as
early as the third century after the death of the Master, crowds of pilgrims came
to visit the sacred places. Under the rule of the Emperor Constantine the Great,
Jerusalem became a purely Christian town and heathendom disappeared com¬
pletely in the countryside. Judaism was pushed into the background. A few of
its communities just managed to survive in Galilee where they prayed and taught
in the old synagogues built in the Greco-Roman style, as the ruins of such a
building in Capernaum show us. After the finding of the Cross by the Empress
Helena extensive Christian building operations began. Over the spot where
Constantine supposed the grave of Christ to be, the emperor erected a magni¬
ficent church which was consecrated in 336. But unluckily only a few
remnants remain as it was burnt by the Persians in 614. However, the Church
of the Nativity in Bethlehem has remained unchanged from the period of this
Early Christian architecture and retains its old form in our own days. It is a
large basilica with five aisles and trifoil-shaped apse, the model for so many
other churches in the Holy Land, which completely disappeared during the
troubles and wars of later periods. The numerous convents and monasteries
that sprang up everywhere caused a great development of religious life. These
religious settlements hid in the wild and remote valleys and ravines ot the desert.
Like the monasteries of Thessaly and Athos they resemble castles clinging in
dreadful solitude to the steep rocky sides of the mountains. Even when they
were first built their situation was isolated. Such foundations dating from that
epoch of purest Christianity, which have always been occupied by pious monks,
still exist to-day in Mar Saba and in the convents on Mount Quarantana on
which Jesus is said to have spent the forty days of his fast. The prosperity of
the country was not destined to last long for the Persian king Chosroes II.,
who took the country from the East Roman emperors, completely destroyed
many edifices erected by the Christians. Several of the churches became heaps
of ruins. Fourteen years later the Greeks succeeded once more in obtaining
possession of Jerusalem for a short time. But they could not oppose the ir¬
resistible attacks of the Arabs. In 657 the Caliph Omar took the town after a
stubborn defence, and with him Arabic culture and art became predominant.

VIII

The Christians and their religion were tolerated by the new master; never¬
theless many a church was converted into a mosque, and the Crescent replaced
the Cross. The outward appearance of the country speedily changed. The light,
elegant architecture of the Arabs replaced the massive Byzantine structures.
The first great edifices of Islam — the Dome of the Rock and its smaller and more
graceful twin the Chain Dome — arose on the site of the old Temple of Solomon
over the naked rocks of the great Altar of Burnt Offering, “the Rock hovering
over the Abyss”, and at the same time the Aksa Mosque, a second sanctuary,
was erected on the Place of the Rock. Both the Dome of the Rock (a cupola
building) and the Aksa Mosque (a basilica) are probably modelled on the plan
of the buildings that once stood on their site, and the Arab architects made use
of many a column and detail of former epochs. The Place of the Temple was
continually embellished during the course of the centuries: halls enclose the
vast square, steps lead through graceful arcades to the Dome of the Rock and
the whole site is covered with chapels and wells: charming jewels of Islamic
architecture. All the spell of the Orient surrounds this spot. But there was to
be no rest for the Holy Land. One Islamic dynasty followed on the heels of
another; political conditions became more and more confused, and the religious
differences between the Christians (who had remained in the sacred spots and
were again supported by the Greeks) and Mohammedan rulers became greater
and greater. The complaints of bad treatment of Christian pilgrims grew louder
and more emphatic till the whole of the Occident joined to wrest the Holy Land
from the infidels. Enthusiasm for the sacred cause produced the first successes
of the Crusade. Jerusalem fell in 1099 and Godfrey of Bouillon was proclaimed
king of Jerusalem The Christians were hardly able to hold the country for
200 years. Quarrels and dissensions paralysed and weakened the pious move¬
ment and in 1291, after the fall of Acre, the last point of support in the country
where the flower of Christian knighthood had poured forth their blood was lost.
But Frankish domination left many traces in Palestine. In Jerusalem the Church
of the Holy Sepulchre was enlarged, a new and strange building was erected
over the Tomb of the Virgin, in Hebron, Sarnana, Nazareth and other spots,
mighty ecclesiastical edifices were built which were either destroyed later or
turned into mosques. Fortified castles supported the rule of the Christians in
all parts of the country. Many of them still exist as ruins, such as the great
castle of Karak on the Dead Sea, the castles in Tiberias, on Lake Gennesaret
and in Caesarea on the sea. Even in Jerusalem many architectural fragments
remind one of the Frankish art of fortification. After the Franks retired,
Palestine always remained an islamic country. Her rulers often changed and
permanent wars destroyed more and more of the sacred relics. In 1516 the
Tuiks conquered the country and she remained in their hands till but a short
while ago. The Napoleonic adventure of 1799 and Egyptian sovereignty from
183 1 — 1840 were only intermezzi of no particular importance. It is impossible
to say how Palestine will develop under the new regime.

SYRIA

Nature bestowed numerous and good harbours on the narrow Syrian coastal
strip. Peninsulas with islands off tbeir coasts favoured the founding of sea¬
faring towns. Thus Tyre and Sidon, the capitals of the clever and bold trading
nation, the Phoenicians, were built at an early date on the Syrian shore. As
they were colonists and founders of cities they became the first intermediaries
between the much older cultures of the Egyptians and Babylonians on the one
hand and of the Occident on the other. The overpopulation of the country
forced them to found colonies for which there was only room in the west, and
thus the Phoenicians, as did the Jews later on, became the agents between Occident
and Orient. From Phoenicia and from their greatest colony Carthage they sailed
to Sicily, Spain, England, and the German amber coast. Greek authors attribute
to them many inventions such as navigation, culture of the vine, the invention
of glass and letters. In the Bible their towns are mentioned as examples of
magnificence and wealth, and it was they who supplied Solomon with the precious
cedar for the Temple. Sidon, at first of greater importance and the mother-town
of Carthage, was soon outstripped by the island city of Tyre which long defended
itself successfully against the Assyrians. After a siege of five years King Shal¬
maneser had to retire, and it was only Nebuchadnezzar who was finally able to
include the city within the limits of the Babylonian Empire after a siege of thirteen
years. The Persians had their chief naval ports and strongest maritime fortresses
in Phoenicia, and thus it was imperative for Alexander to take Tyre if his rear
was to be covered. He sat down before the city for seven months and it was
only after he had built a dam — which is still recognizable to-day, though widened
and partly covered with sand— that he was able to lay his hand on the Persian
naval base. Although the city was practically destroyed, it soon recovered and
still played a role in the history of Syria up to the twelfth century. Then it
decayed, and to-day it is but a sad little town where hardly a stone reminds one
of its old greatness. Only the numerous rock tombs in its vicinity betray its
erstwhile importance. Persian rule was succeeded by Greek, and again a period
of great prosperity began for Syria. In the north on the Orontes the great capital
Antioch was founded. Damascus, which had already been the capital of a mighty
state, became conspicuous in history again as a trading centre and a connecting
link between the East and the West. In the year 64 B. C. the Romans sub¬
jugated the Seleucide Empire. Syria became a province of the great empire and
Roman and Oriental splendour united in the numerous thriving cities. There
is hardly one of the large ruined cities of the whole of Antiquity that shows us
so distinctly to-day the picture of an ancient acropolis as does Baalbek on its
heights. This is the Heliopolis of the ancients with its T emple of the Sun ; already
famous in the times of the Romans. In the desert arose the fairy-like town of
Palmyra which at a very early period was a central caravan trading station of
Syria. It was here in the 3 rd century A. D. that that kingdom developed which

became celebrated under Zenobia who was defeated by the Romans and who
as a prisoner graced the triumphal procession in Rome. Palmyra crumbled to
ruins. The Roman rule lasted till well into the 7th century. Before Constantine
had recognized Christianity as a state religion, numerous Christian communities
had arisen who built churches on the basilica plan for the requirements of their
religion. Their ruins are still to be found throughout the country. During the
6th century enormous edifices were often built, such for instance, as the four-
aisled church in Kalaciman, around those spots where the strangest of all Christian
ascetics spent their lives doing penance on solitary columns exposed to wind
and weather. The most flourishing period of Christianity lasted till the year 61 1.
The Persians under the Sassanian Chosroes II. invaded Syria and drove the East
Romans out of the country. A severe blow had been struck at Christianity, and
the short rule of the Byzantines, who were able to subjugate the Persians once
more, could not again strengthen the country so much as to enable it to with¬
stand a new enemy. Under their great caliph Omar, the Arabs conquered the
whole of Syria. The Byzantines were totally defeated on the Yarmuk in 636
and Damascus fell into the hands of the new master. This was not to the
disadvantage of the city. The Omaiyades, who were a magnanimous and in¬
telligent line of rulers, transferred their court to this city and made it a centre
of a flourishing social life. The largest mosque of Islam was erected on the ruins
of an ancient Christian church and completed with great magnificence. Antique
columns from the temples of the country and gold and precious woods were
employed: were almost too lavishly used. In the mosque itself a chapel was
erected around the shrine containing the head of John the Baptist. The building
was often destroyed but always rose like a phoenix out of the ruins. Those
strange hunting-lodges of the caliphs, such as Quesseir Amra with its gay frescos
or Mshatta with its stone blocks carved so beautifully as to resemble filigree
work, arose at the edge of the desert. The Omaiyad rule only lasted till the
middle of the 8th century, whereupon a period of unrest and dissension among
the successors followed. The seat of the Caliphate was removed from Damascus
to Bagdad where it gradually lost its power over Syria. Side dynasties arose and
perished and religious sects like the Druses and Assassins added to the internal
troubles of the country. Thus the Crusaders found an easy prey. Antioch fell
in the year 1098 and then in rapid succession the whole of Syria; only Damascus
could never be taken. The Pranks did not stay long in the country. Saladin’s
victories undermined their power, and all attempts to remain in Syria were in
vain. The departure of the Crusaders did not bring peace. In the 1 5 th century
tribes of the Kharezmians devastated the unhappy country. Then the Mongols
under Hulagu plundered Syria till the intrepid Mameluke Beybars drove them
out again. But the prosperity of the country had vanished when the bloody
Mongolian prince Timur erected his pyramids of sculls in the Orient. Damascus
suffered terribly and lost her scholars and celebrated armourers whom the Mongol
transplanted to his capital Samarkand. Syria’s role in history was played. In 1516

it submitted to the Turks, and the country remained Turkish— with the exception
of a few years of Egyptian rule— till the end of the Great War.

MESOPOTAMIA

The beginnings of the history of the country between the Euphrates and
Tigris are dark. The most ancient inhabitants were the Sumerians, a non-Semitic
people who dwelt in stately cities on the lower reaches of the Euphrates. Of
these early days about 4000 B. C. we hear of Chaldean Ur which was the
home of the patriarch Abraham and we hear of other names in the Bible from
that dim period. Numerous town kingdoms sprang up and they were continu¬
ally struggling one with another till finally the hand of an energetic monarch,
Hammurabi of Babylon, was able to found a strong united kingdom in the south
of Mesopotamia. To the north the kingdom of Assur on the upper Tigris grew
stronger and stronger during the period of about 1 500 B. C. To-day the ruins
of this first important city in Assyria bear witness to its power and greatness.
Later on the residence was moved to Calah and Nineveh. A long struggle began
between Babylon and Assur for the hegemony. The Assyrians were the victors
and soon their active kings held sway over all the country between Persia
and the Mediterranean. The restless city of Babylon was destroyed in 689
by Sennacherib, but his son Asarhaddar rebuilt it in a most beautiful manner.
The Assyrian Empire was unable to withstand the attacks of the Medes. This
new power took Nineveh and totally destroyed it in 606. Assyria was completely
vanquished, but the Chaldean Nabopolassar erected a new empire in Babylonia
and another period of prosperity began for the capital. Nebuchadnezzar beautified
the city with temples and gateways, and the recently excavated Ishtar Gate
with its magnificent coating of glazed tiles was erected during his reign. The
second Babylonian Empire did not last long. The Persian king Cyrus entered
Babylon as victor as early as 589 B. C., and the Persians remained the masters
of all Mesopotamia and Syria till Alexander the Great also destroyed their em¬
pire. The mounds of ruins of the mighty ancient Mesopotamian cities are still
characteristic of the landscape. Scattered along the banks of the Euphrates and
Tigris the eyes of the traveller are attracted by them from afar. Excavations
during the 19th century brought the old cities of Babylon and Assur to light
again and our knowledge of their plan and buildings is continually increasing.
The Zikkurats, enormous temple towers with huge terraces, gateways with
gigantic winged monsters having bearded human heads, private houses and
palaces emerge from the ruins of Babylon, Assur Nimrud and the other colossal
cities. But much remains to be found, and on the ruins of Nineveh stands Nebi
Musa with the sanctuary of Jonah by whom the city had been cursed. Thus
all successful excavating in Nineveh is hindered. The times between Alexander’s
successors, the Seleucids, till up to the Arab invasions are a series of complicat-

XII

ed and confused events and by no means sufficiently investigated. The Romans
became the heirs of the Seleucids, but their inheritance was very burdensome.
The Parthians, a powerful Iranic tribe of nomads, came into contact with the
frontiers of the Roman Empire on the Euphrates. Thus there were enough
points of friction to prevent the two from living in peace side by side. The
Sassanidae continued the struggle against the Romans. They were in full pos¬
session of Southern Mesopotamia where their energetic rulers had their resi¬
dence in Ctesiphon. Centuries of contact with the Romans had introduced
many innovations to the Orientals. The construction of brick and mortar vault¬
ing, which the Romans developed to perfection, was imitated by the Arsacidae
and Sassanidae, and the enormous palace halls were erected which are still
preserved in Hatra (built about 200 A. D.) and in Ctesiphon, the mighty hall
of which was vaulted in about 250. A new epoch dawned for the Orient.
The Ambs took Ctesiphon in 637 and the Sassanid Empire soon disappeared.
The last great epoch of the country began. When after the dispersal of the
Omaiyads the Abbassides established a residence in Bagdad, a final period of
prosperity began for the country of the twin streams. Bagdad became under the
Caliphs the fairy-tale city of the Arabian Nights. All arts were revived, and once
more edifices arose on the banks of the Tigris in all the splendour of their Orien¬
tal colouring and beauty, and it was in Samarra about 850 that the caliph Mutta-
vakkil built a huge palace with enormous mosques and strange minarets which
remind, one of the ancient Babylonian temple towers. And it was in those days
that the wise caliph Harun-al-Rashid was living. But yet the period of Arab
sovereignty was only apparently one of prosperity. The Arabs could conquer
but not stave off decay. As the power of the caliphs waned, the country
declined more and more, and the restless nomad invaders from the east gradually
destroyed the old magnificence that had always attracted the predatory peoples
of the East. And after, in addition to these, the Mongolians had devastated the
country during the 1 3 th and 14th centuries, the silence of death reigned where
once there was life and prosperity. Turkish rule was of no avail. The canals
fell in or were choked up and the desert pushed its way further and further
over the fields which in ancient days busy hands had made fertile and kept
fertile.

ARABIA

Arabia is the home of the Semites and herein lay its great historical destiny.
Erom this store-house of humanity fresh hordes of nomadic Arabs continued
to penetrate into the neighbouring territories and settled there. As early as
3000 B. C. the penetration of the neighbouring countries by the Semites had
begun and whenever the poor and unfertile country was over-populated new
crowds were forced to leave their home and emigrate to Syria or even Egypt.
It was from Arabia that the tribes of Israel went to Palestine, though according

XIII

to the Bible this was by way of Chaldea. The information one has of all these
migrations is of a very uncertain character, and we know still less about the
history of the continual wars and quarrels of the nomadic Bedouins in the interior
of the peninsula It was only on the edges that states could be established which
had a regular course of development that may be treated from an historical
point of view. In Antiquity there was only a narrow coastal strip that was im¬
portant in the whole huge peninsula, namely on the shores of the Red Sea.
Here flourished as early as a thousand years before the birth of Christ the mighty
states of the Sabeans and Mineans. The former, whose queen once gained the
affections of Solomon, were a trading people who effected the interchange of
goods between India, Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. It was only when
Alexandria monopolized the trade of India that the kingdom in Yemen lost its
importance. It is said that fabulous riches were accumulated in Arabia Felix,
“Happy Arabia”, and one may readily understand why the insatiable Romans
endeavoured, though unsuccessfully, to subjugate the country. But they were
only able to conquer the empire of the Nabataeans in the north with its capital
Petra and to impose their culture there, as the well-preserved remains of tombs
and buildings in this desert city prove. All that is preserved from the times of
the Sabeans and Mineans are inscriptions and scanty remains of interesting
water works in the south of the country. Not much more than fragments of
walls of the castles and temples of which these inscriptions tell us now remain.
Arabia only becomes historically interesting for the rest of the world with
the appearance of Mohammed the Prophet. It was he who united the tribes
of his country by his new religion and inspired them to deeds that revo¬
lutionized the Orient from within and recast it in a new form. Mecca, that
had always been sacred because of its ancient cult of the Caaba, and Medina,
where the Prophet is buried, became the spiritual centres of an ever spreading
Islamism. The pilgrimage to Mecca, which each of the Faithful had to under¬
take once in his life, served as a tie within the religion which soon encircled
half the world. The Caliphs first had their seat in Medina, but soon transferred
their residence to the great cities they conquered. The country of their original
home became of secondary importance. After the Omaiyads had moved to
Damascus Arabia was only a mere province of the great Islamic state. For us
it always remained a country of fairy-tales and the « Arabian Nights», and our
knowledge about it is but small. Arabia is still one of the least explored districts
of the world. It is still almost impossible for Europeans to travel in the interior
of the country. The infidel is still strictly forbidden to set foot in the sacred
cities of Mecca and Medina. We must be satisfied with the meagre reports
about the country to obtain which many a bold explorer has lost his life. This
fairy-land only exists in our imagination. But the reality seems to outdo fancy.
Nowhere in the world are there places of such romantic beauty as Sanaa and
many other spots in Yemen. Here we find the Orient in its pristine state at
the birthplace of Islam.

XIV

Only a single Christian enclave survived the storms of all the centuries.
From the middle of the 4th century anchorites had settled in the gorges of Sinai.
At the beginning the bold hermits suffered very much, and manv died the death
of a martyr. But since the Emperor Justinian (530) had turned the Monastery
of St. Catherine at the foot of Jebel Musa into a stronghold the monks were
able to remain there in safety. The solitude and their hospitality, which was
also accorded to the Moslems, was their best safeguard. Thus it was that a small
Christian community could flourish modestly in the heart of Islam on a little
spot that is equally sacred to Jew, Christian and Moslem.

INDEX OF NAMES AND PLACES

Acre 183—199
Ain Musa 300
Aleppo 237—239
Arabia 276 304

Arbela 251

Arabian Desert 293, 301
Artas 116
Assur 256—258

Baalbek 229-235
Babylon 254 — 255
Bagdad 273

Bethlehem 100 — 112, 114
Bey rout 212, 213
Borsippa 259

Cana 174

Capernaum 180

Carmel 190 — 192

Cedars of Lebanon 216, 217

Chidr Elias 247

Ctesiphon 268

Damascus 218 — 228
Dead Sea 140
Desert of Judah 126 — 128
132, 133

Diarbckr 244- 246

El Arish 125
El Galil 279
El Hagari 285

Gaza 124

Gennesaret,Lakeof 185, 188, 189

Habra 264
Hebron 118 - 1 23
Hisn Kef 250
Hosn Suleiman 203

Jaffa 200, 201

Jacob’s Well 164
Jericho 129, 137-139
Jerusalem

Castle of David 10
Chamber of the LastSupper 27
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
12-25

Church ol the Tomb of the
Virgin 76 — 79
Citadel 1

Dome of the Ascension and
Mosque 86, 87
Ecce Homo Arch 61
Gates and City Wall 70—75
Gethsemane 82 — 85
Gordon’s Tomb 26
Grotto of Jeremiah 97
Jewish Tombs 88 — 93
Mohammedan Tombs 94 — 96
Place of the Temple 28—53
Pool of the Patriarch 1 1
Street Scenes 63 — 69
Via Dolorosa 60
Views 2—9, 98, 99
Wailing Place of theJews54-58
Jiddah 292

Judah, Desert of 126—128,
132, 133

Kalat 145
Kerbela 269
Kerkuk 265
Koweit 277

Lebanon 214, 215

Ma’an 141
Magdala 187
Mar Saba 148-156
Medina 287-288

Mecca 290-292
Mesopotamia 241 - 245
Mocha 286
Mosul 263, 266
Mshatta 202
Muscat 276

Nabulus 158
Nazareth 175 — 179
Nebi Yunus 261, 262
Nebi Musa 130, 131
Nimrud 260
Nineveh 261, 262

Palestine 1—201
Palmyra 240 — 243
Petra 302-304
Pools of Solomon 115

Ramallah 114
Ramleh 181
Redaa 278

Samaria 165—171
Samarra 267
Sanaa 280-284
Sheikh Adi 270
Sidon 208-211
Sinai 294—299
Syria 202 — 243

Tabor 182
Taiz 289
Takrit 252
Tiberias 183, 186
Tripoli 236
Tyre 205—207

Ur fa 248

Wadi En Nar 146, 257
Zenobia 253

The photographs of Plates 276-286 and 289 were lent by Dr. Max Ginsberg from the property left by Hermann Burchardt
the explorer who was killed in Yemen in 1909. The following gentlemen kindly contributed photographs: Dr. Gratzl, Munich,
for Pis. 141, 237. 239, 302, 303; Dr. Bachmann, Dresden, for Pis. 238, 251, 265, 270, 272; Lieutenant-Colonel Baumann,
Munich, for Pis. 142-145,292,296; Benzinger, Stuttgart, Photographic Publishing House, for Pis. 288, 290, 291; Dr. Berliner,
Munich, for Pis. 248-250; Bonfils, Beyrout, for Pis 9, 81, 241; Dr. Gottsberger, Munich, for Pis. 236, 293-295, 297-301, 304;
Dr. Guver, Munich, for Pis. 248 250; Messrs. Lehnert & Landrock, Cairo, for Pis 6, 10, 16, 17, 22, 26-28, 30-32, 56, 57, 63. 66,
70, 73 75, 77 97, 100, 105, 109, 110, 1 12, 113, 1 16-118, 128, 134, 159, 175, 176, 178, 184, 187, 194, 212-215, 221, 224-230;
Dr. Moritz, War Archives, Munich, for PL 210; Dr. Franz Stoedtner, Berlin, for PI. 269; Dr. Preusser, Berlin, for Pis. 246,
247, 253-260, 264, 271, 273-275; Dr. Saphra, Suhl, for Pis. 124, 125; Dr. Sarre, Berlin, for Pis. 252, 266-268; E. Schultheiss,
Gernsbach, for Pis. 261-263; Dr. Sobcrnheim, Berlin, for PI 243; American Colony, Jerusalem, for Pis. 3, 11,12,34,35,
111, 185; State Photographic Bureau, Berlin, for Pis. 202, 203, 240. All the other photographs were taken by the author.

XVI

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Jerusalem Citadel

Jerusalem La Citadelle

Jerusalem. Citadelle

Gerusalemme La Cittadella

JerusalAn. La Ciudadela

Gerusalemme. Veduta della citt& dal Monte Sion Jerusal^n. Vista de la Ciudad desde el Monte Si6n

Jerusalem. Place of the Temple Jerusalem. La place du Temple

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Jerusalem. Mauern am Tempelplatz

Jerusalem. View of the Castle of David from the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Jerusalem. Le chateau de David, vu de I'bglise
du Saint- S6pulcre

Jerusalem. Blick von der Grabeskirche auf die Davidsburg

Gerusalemme. Veduta sulla Rocca di Davide
dalla Chiesa del Sepofcro

Jerusal6n. Vista de la Fortaleza de David desde
la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro

Jerusalem. Corner of the Place of the Temple Jerusalem. Un coin de la place du Temple

Jerusalem. Winkel am Tempelpletz

Gerusalemme. Un angolo della piazza del Tempio Jerusal6n. Espuina del Atrio del Templo

Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Facade Jerusalem. La facade de I’dghse du Saint- S6pulcre

Jerusalem. HI Grabkirche. Fassade

Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro, Facciata Jerusalem Fachada de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro

Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Portal Jerusalem. Le portail de l'6ghse du Samt-S6pulcre

Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche Portal

Gerusalemme La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro Portale Jerusal^n. Portal de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro

Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Main Dome Jerusalem La coupole principale de l.dglise

du Saint- Sdpulcre

Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche. Hauptkuppel

Gerusalemme. La Chlesa del Santo Sepolcro
La cupola maggiore

Jerusal6n Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro.
Bdveda principal

Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Chapel of the Agony of the Virgin

Jerusalem. L'dghse du Saint-S6pulcre.
La chapelle des Douleurs

Jerusalem HI Grabkirche Schmerzenskapelle

Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro.
La Cappella dei Dolori

Jerusalem Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro
Capilla de la Agonla

Jerusalem. Church of the Holy .Sepulchre.
Golgatha

Jerusalem. L'bghse du Saint- Sbpulcre.
Golgatha

Jerusalem HI Grabkirche Golgatha

Gerusalemme La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro.
II Golgota

Jerusalbn. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro.
Gblgota

Jerusalem. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem L endroit de I'lnvention de la Sainte Croix

Chapel of the Invention of the Cross

Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche. Ort der Kreuzauffindung

Gerusalemme La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro.
II posto dove fu ritrovata la Croce

Jerusaldn. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro. Cripta en
donde Santa Elena encontrd la Verdadera Cruz

Jerusalem. Church of the Holy Sepulchre,
Stone of Unction

Jerusalem. £glise du Saint-S^pulcre
La Pierre de I'Onction

Jerusalem. HI Grabkirche. Salbenstein.

Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro.
La pietra dell'unzione

Jerusalem Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro
Piedra de la Uncibn

Jerusalem. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Entrance
to the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre

Jerusalem Entr6e de la chapelle fun6raire

Jerusalem. HI. Grabkirche. Eingang zur Grabkapelle

Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro
lngre3so alia Cappella del Sepolcro.

Jerusal6n. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro. Entrada
de la Capilla del Santo Sepulcro

Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Choir of the Greek Cathedral

Jerusalem, Int6rieur du chceur grec

Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche. Im Gnechenchor

Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro
Nel Coro dei Greci

Jerusalem Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro.
En el Coro de la Iglesia Gnega

Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Catholicon

Jerusalem, £ghse du Saint - Sdpulcre
Le Catholicon

Jerusalem HI Grabkirche. Katholikon

Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro
Reparto cattolico

Jerusaldn, Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro
Catolicbn

Jerusalem. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Chapel of St. Helena Jerusalem. La chapelle de Sainte - H6l6ne
0

Jerusalem. HI. Grabkirche. Helenakapelle

Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro.
La Capella di Sant'Elena

Jerusal6n. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro.
Capilla de Santa Elena

Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre,
Praying Monk

Jerusalem. £ghse du Saint -S6pulcre. Mome priant
aupr6s de la "V6ritable Longueur du Christ"

Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche M6nch an der Wahren Lange Christi" betend

Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro. Un frate Jerusal6n. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro.

assorto in preghiera presso la "Vera Lunghezza di Cristo" Monje orando

Jerusalem. Abyssinian village on the roof of the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Jerusalem Village abyssm sur le toit de I'bglise
du Saint- Sbpulcre

Jerusalem Abessimerdorf auf dem Dach der HI. Grabkirche

Gerusalemme. Villaggio Abissino sul tetto della
Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro

Jerusalbn.

Aldea de Abisinios en el techo de
Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro

Jerusalem Abyssinian Priests

Jerusalem PrStre abyssin

Jerusalem Abessmischer Priester

Gerusalemme Sacerdote Abissmo

Jerusaien Sacerdote abisimo

Jerusalem. Entrance to the Place of the Temple Jerusalem, Entree de la place du Temple

Jerusalem Eingang zum Tempelplatz

Gerusalemme. L'ingresso alia piazza del Tempio Jerusal^n Entrada del Atrio del Templo

Jerusalem. Entrance to the Place of the Temple ' Jerusalem Entree de la place du Temple

Jerusalem. Eingang zum Tempelplatz

Gerusalemme. L ingresso alia piazza del Tempio Jerusalen, Entrada del Atrio del Templo

Gerusalemme. II Duomo della Roccia ed il Duomo delle

Jerusalem. Dome of the Rock. Interior

Jerusalem. Intdrieur du D6me du Roc

Jerusalem. Innenansicht des Felsendoms

Gerusalemme. Veduta interna del Duomo di Roccia

Jerusalem Interior de la Catedral de la Roca

Jerusalem. Dome of the Rock. Interior Jerusalem Intdneur du DOme du Roc

Jerusalem. Innenansicht des Felsendoms

Gerusalemme. Veduta interna del Duomo di Roccia Jerusal6n Interior de la Catedrai de la Rocs

Gerusalemme. Portale del Duomo d, Roccia Jerusaldn. Portal de la Catedral de la Roca

Gerusalemme. Pulpito sulla piazza del Tempio Jerusai^n Pulpito en el Atrio del Ternpio

Jerusalem Dome of the Cham

• brusalem Le Dome de la ChaTne

Jerusalem. Kettendom. Durchblick

Jerusalemme. II Duomo della Catena

>erusalbn Vista de la Catedral de la Cadena

Jerusalem. Place of the Temple

Jerusalem.

Gerusalemme. Piazza del Tempio. Cornice

Jerusalem. Place du Temple. Encadrement de porte
Tempelplatz. Torumrahmung

d'una porta Jerusaldn. Atrio del Tempio. Puerta

lerusalemme Cappella sulla piazza dal Tempio

Jerusalem. El Aksa Mosque Jerusalem. Mosqude d'EI Aqsa

Jerusalem. Aqsamoschee

Gerusalemme. La Moschea d'Aqsa Jerusaldn. Mezquita de Aqsa

Jerusalem. Minaret. El Aksa Mosque Jerusalem. Minaret de la mosqu^e d'EI Aqsa

Jerusalem. Minaret an der Aqsamoschee

Gerusalemme. Un minareto della Moschea d'Aqsa Jerusaldn. Minarete de la Mezquita de Aqsa

Jerusalem. Chapel in the Place of the Temple Jerusalem. Chapelle sur la Place du Temple

Jerusalem. Kapelle auf dem Tempelplatz

Gerusalemme. Cappella sulla piazza del Tempio Jerusaldn. Capilla en el Atrio del Templo

Jerusalem. Fountain in the Place of the Temple Jerusalem Fontaine sur la Place du Temple

Jerusalem. Brunnen auf dem Tempelplatz

Gerusalemme. Fontana sulla piazza del Tempio Jerusal6n Fuente en el Atrio del Templo

Jerusalem. View of the Place of the Temple Jerusalem. Coup d'oeil sur la Place du Temple

Jerusalem. Durchblick auf den Tempelplatz

Gerusalemme. Colpo d'occhrio sulla piazza del'Tempio Jerusalem Vista del Atrio del Templo

Jerusalem. View of the Dome of the Rock Jerusalem Vue du D6me du Roc

Jerusalem. Blick auf den Felsendom

Gerusalemme. Veduta sul Duomo di Roccia Jerusalem Vista de la Catedral de la Roca

Jerusalem Fountain Chapel in the Place of the Temple Jerusalem Chapelle de puits sur la Place du Temple

Jerusalem. Brunnenkapelle auf dem Tempelplatz

Gerusalemme La Cappella delle Fontane sulla piazza Jerusalem Capilla de la Fuente en el Atno

del Tempio del 1 emplo

Jerusalem Arcades in the Place ot the Temple Jerusalem Arcades de la Place du Temple

Jerusalem. Arkaden auf dem Tempelplatz

Gerusalemme. I Portlci della piazza del Tempio Jerusalem Arcadas en el Atrio del Templo

Gerusalemme. La piazza del Tempio col Monte degli Uliv, Jerusal^n. Atrio del Temple y Monte de los Olivos

Gerusalemme II Monte degli ulivi visto dalla piazza del Tempio Jerusal6n El Monte de los Olivos visto del Atrio del Templo

Jerusalem. Wailing Place of the Jews

Jerusalem. Le mur des Lamentations des juifs

Jerusalem. Klagemauer der Juden

Gerusalemme. II muro delle Lamentazionl
degll Ebrei

Jerusalbn Muro de las Lamentaciones
de los Judlos

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Jerusalem. Jews at the Wailing Place of the Jews Jerusalem. Juifs au pied du mur des Lamentations

Jerusalem. Juden an der Klagemauer

Gerusalemme. Ebrei presso il Muro delle Jerusal6n. Judlos cerca del Muro de las

Lamentazioni Lamentaciones

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Jerusalem. Jews going to Synagogue Jerusalem. Juifs se rendant & la synagogue

Jerusalem. Juden aut dem Gang zur Synagoge

Gerusalemme. Ebrei che s'awiano alia Sinagoga Jerusalem Judlos que se dirigen a la Sinagoga

Jerusalem. Small Synagogue at the Wailing
Place of the Jews

J6rusalem. Petite synagogue au dessus du mur
des Lamentations

Jerusalem Kleine Synagoge uber der Klagemauer

Gerusalemme. Piccola Sinagoga al disopra
del Muro delle Lamentazioni

Jerusal6n

Pequefta Sinagoga sobre el Muro
de las Lamantaciones

Gerusaiemme Ebrei presso il Muro delle Lamentaziom Jerusal6n Judios cerca del Muro de las Lamentaciones

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Jerusalem. Via dolorosa

Jerusalem Via dolorosa

Jerusalem. Via dolorosa

Gerusalemme. La Via Dolorosa

Jerusalem Via Dolorosa

Jerusalem Ecce Homo- Arch

Jerusalem L'Arc de lecce-homo

Jerusalem Ecce Homo-Bogen
Gerusalemme. L'Arcata dell'Ecce Homo

Jerusal6n. Arcada Ecce Homo

Gerusalemme II movimento nella strada Jerusal£n. Vista de una calls

Jerusalem. Street scene

Jerusalem. Une rue

Jerusalem. StraBenbild

Gerusalemme. II morimento nella strada

Jerusalem Vista de una calle

Jerusalem. Street scene

Jerusalem. Une rue

Jerusalem.

StraQenbild

Gerusalemme. Una strada

Jerusal6n. Vista de una calle

Jerusalem. Front Door of a returning Mecca Pilgrim Jerusalem. Porte de la maison d'un p6lerin

revenant de la Mecque

Jerusalem. Hausture eines heimkehrenden Mekkapilgers

Gerusalemme. La porta di casa di un pellegrino che
torna dalla Mecca

Jerusalem Puerta de la casa de un peregrino
que vuelve de la Meca

Jerusalem. Moscheewflchter auf dem Olberg

Gerusalemme. Guardiano addetto alia Moschea sul
Monte degli Ulivi

Jerusal6n. Guardian de la Mezquita en el Monte
de los Olivos

Jerusalem. Mosque guard on the Mount of Olives

Jerusalem. Gardien de la mosqu6e du mont
des Oliviers

Jerusalem. Street scene

Jerusalem. Une rue

Jerusalem.

StraBenbild

Gerusalemme. Una strada

Jerusalem

Vista de una calle

Jerusalem. Fountain

Jerusalem. Fontaine

Jerusalem. Brunnen.

Gerusalemme. Fontana

Jerusal6n. Fuente

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Jerusalem. Dung Gate Jerusalem. La porte des Ordures

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Jerusalem. Gate ot Zion

Jerusalem. Porte de Sion

Jerusalem.

Sionstor

Gerusalemme. La Porta di Sion

Jerusalem La Puerta de Sion

Jerusalem. Golden Gate

Jerusalem. Porte Dorde

Jerusalem. Goldenes Tor

Gerusalemme. La Porta d'Oro

Jerusal6n. Puerta Dorada

Jerusalem. Staircase, Tomb of the Virgin Jerusalem. Escalier du tombeau de la Vierge

Jerusalem. Treppe am Mariengrab

Gerusalemme. La Scala del Sepolcro di Maria Jerusalem Gradas en el Sepulcro de la Virgen

Jerusalem. Church of the tomb of the Virgin. Portal Jerusalem. Portail du tombeau de la Vierge

Jerusalem. Portal der Grabkirche Maria

Gerusalemme. Portale del Sepolcro di Maria Jerusal6n. Portal de la Iglesia del Sepulcro de la Virgen

Jerusalem. Jacob's Tomb on Mount Zion Jerusalem. Tombeau de Jacob sur le mont Sion

Jerusalem. Grab Jacobs auf dem Berge Sion

Gerusalemme. II Sepolcro di Giacobbe sul Monte Sion Jerusalem Sepulcro de Jacob en el Monte Sion

Jerusalem. Pool of Siloah, Minaret Jerusalem. Minaret pr6s de l'6tang de S I06

Jerusalem. Minaret am Teiche Siloe

Gerusalemme. Minareto sullo stagno di Siloe Jerusalem Minarete en el Estanque de Siloe

Gerusalemme. II Monte degli Ulivi coll'Orto di Getsemaoe Jerusal^n. Monte de los Olivos y el Huerto de Gethsemanl

Gerusalemme. L'Orto di Getsemane Jerusal^n. El Huerto de Gethsemam

Jerusalem. Entrance to the Garden of Gethsemane Jerusalem. Entree du jardin de Geths^mani

Jerusalem. Eingang zum Garten Gethsemane

Gerusalemme. Ingresso all'Orto di Getsemane Jerusaldn. Entrada del Huerto de Gethsemani

Jeruselem. Garden of Gethsemane Jerusalem. Les abords du Jardin de Gethsdmani

Jerusalem. Am Garten Gethsemane

Gerusalemme. Nei press! dell'Orto di Getsemane Jerusal6n. En el Huerto de Gethsemam

Jerusalem. Mosque on the Mount of Olives Jerusalem. Mosqu6e sur le mont des Oliviers

Jerusalem Moschee auf dem Olberg

Gerusalemme. Moschea sul Monte degli Ulivi Jerusalem Mezquita en el Huerto de los Olivos

Jerusalem Chapel of the Ascension on the Mount Jerusalem. La chapelle de I'Ascension sur le mont
of Olives des Oliviers

Jerusalem. Himmelfahrtskapelle auf dem Olberg

Gerusalemme La Capella dell'Assunzione sul Monte
degli Ulivi

Jerusalbn. Capilla de la Asuncibn en el Monte
de los Olivos

Gerusalemme. La Valle di Giosafat con sepolture ebraiche Jerusalbn. Valle de Josafat y tumbas de judfos

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Jerusalem. Tomb of Absalom in the Valley
of the Kidron

Jerusalem. Tombeau d'Absalon dans la vallbe
du Cedron

Jerusalem.

Absalonsgrab im Kidrontal

Gerusalemme. II sepolcro di Assalonne nella
valle del Cedrone

Jerusalem Sepulcro de Absalbn en el Valle
del Cedrbn

Jerusalem, Grotto of St. James in the Valley
of the Kidron

Jerusalem. Tombeau de Jacob dans la vall6e
du C6dron

Jerusalem. Jakobsgrab im Kidrontal

Gerusalemme. La tomba di Giacobbe nella
Valle del Cedrone

Jerusal6n. Sepulcro de Jacob en el
Valle del Cedrbn

Gerusalemme Veduta di Betlemme dal Monte degli Ulivi Jerusa!6n. Vista de Bel6n desde Monte de los Olivos

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Bethlehem

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Bethlehem Bethldem

102

Betlemme. La Chiesa della Nativity Bel^n Iglesia de la Natividad

103

104

Betlemme. Una Messa nella Chiese della Nativity Bel^n. Servicio relig.oso en la Iglesia de la Natividad

105

Bethlehem. Worshippers In the Church
of the Nativity

Bethldem. Fidfeles priant dans I'dglise
de la Nativity

Bethlehem Beter in der Geburtskirche

Betlemme. I fedeli nella Chiesa della Nativity

Belbn Fieles orando en la Iglesia de la Natividad

106

Bethlehem. Entrance to the Grotto of the Nativity Bethl6em. Entr6e de la Grotte de la Nativitd

Bethlehem. Am Eingang zur Geburtsgrotte

Betlemme L'mgresso alia Grotta della Nativity Bel6n. Entrada de la Gruta de la Natividad

107

Bethlehem. Main Entrance of the Church Bethl^em. Entree principale de I dolise

of the Nativity de la Nativity

Bethlehem. Der Haupteingang zur Geburtskirche

Betlemme. L'ingresso principale alia Chiesa
della Nativita

Bel6n. Entrada principal de la Iglesia
de la Natividad

108

Bethlehem. Market Scene

Bethl6em. Un Jour de march^

Bethlehem. Marktbild

Betlemme. Mercato

Bel6n. En el mercado

109

Ill

Bethlehem. Married woman from Bethlehem Bethl^em. Femme marine de Bethldem

Bethlehem. Verheiratete Frau aus Bethlehem

Betlemme. Donna maritata di Betlemme Bel6n. Mujer de Bel6n

112

Girl from Ramaliah

Jeune fille de Ramaliah

Madchen aus Ramaliah

Ragazza di Ramaliah

Muchacha de Ramaliah

113

114

115

I Laghi di Salomone Los Estanques de Salomdn

116

ArtSs und die Salomonischen Garten

117

Bethania

116

Hebrcin

119

Hebron. Street Scene

Hebron. Courtyard

Hebron. Aspetto di un cortile

H6bron. Une cour de maison

Hebron. Hofwinkel

Hebrbn. Esquma de un patio

120

Hebron. Haram

H6bron. Le Haram

Hebron. Am Haram

Hebron. Sull'Haram

Hebrbn. En el Har6n

121

Hebron. Street Scene

Hebron, Una Strada

H6bron. Une rue

Hebron StraQenbild

Hebrdn. Vista de una calle

122

Hebron. Haram, Stairs

H6bron Escalier conduisant au Haram
Hebron. Treppe zum Haram

Hebron. La scalrnata dell'Hararr-i

Hebrdn Escalera del Har6n

123

124

Gaza

125

L'oasi a, el-ArTsch Oas,s el - Arisch

126

127

Wuste Juda

128

M Chan del buon Samaritano

129

Co^v©r>to *r© '© rocc*© d©i Qu©r©r»t©r»© Monestefo «r> ias rocas de1 monte Ounrentana

130

Nebi M0s& Nebi MOsS

131

Nebi MOs&. Tomb of Moses Nebi MOsa. Tombeau de Moise

132

i J3

Graber in der Wuste Juda

134

>r 135

Le Jourdain

^'ace of Christ s baptism in the Jordan L'endroit ou le Christ fut baptist dans le Jourdam

Taufstelle Christi am Jordan
i post ove awenne il battesimo di Cristo nel Giordano

13b

Lugar del Jordan en donde Cristo tue bautizado

fhe Gardens of Jericho

Les Jardins de J6richo

Die Garten von Jericho

giardini di Gerico

Los jardmes de J6rico

138

Gerico. La Moschea El Valle de J6rico. Mezquita

139

'40

II Mare Morto

141

N/a'&ri Thunderstor'n (morrvng) Ma'&n Orage du matin

' - pr

142

Gerasa. Sftulenhalle

Gerasa. Rovine di un tempio Gerasa. Ruinas de un templo

144

paese neMa Transgiordania Aioea ae ^'ra'-'*|oraa

145

El - Kerak sul Mare Morto El-Kerak en el Mar Mu*»rto

146

II Wadi en-Nar Wadi en-Nar

147

Mar Saba. Convento greco Mar Saba. Monasterio griego

Mar S&bS. Buttresses of the Monastery Church Mar S&ba. Contreforts de l'6glise du couvent

M&r SSba. Strebepfeiler an der Klosterkirche

Mar Saba. I pilastn della chiesa del convento Mar Saba. Contrafuertes de la Iglesia del Monasterio

148

Mar SSbS. Tower of Eudoxia and Monastery MSr Saba. Tour d'Eudoxie et b&timents du couvent

MSr Sabck. Turm der Eudoxia und Klosterbauten

M3r Saba. La torre di Eudossia ed altn edifizi
del convento

Mar Saba. Torre de Santa Eudosia y Edificios
del Monasterio

149

tjuu.

M3r Saba. Corner of the stairs

Mar Saba Treppenwinkel
Mar Saba. Angolo caratteristico della scalinata

Mar Saba Un coin de I'escalier

Mar Saba. Rincbn de la escalera

150

M6r S6b&. Monastery courtyard

Mar S£bS Im Klosterhof

Mdr S6b6. Nel cortile del convento

Mar S&bS La cour du couvent

Mar SabS. Patio del Convento

151

Mar Saba. Chrysorrhoas Chapel

Mar SabS. Chapelle de Chrysorrhoas

Mar Saba. Chrysorrhoaskapelle

Mar Saba. La cappella di Chrysorrhoas

Mar Saba. Capilla de Chrysorrhoas

152

Mar Saba. Monastery Sacristy

Mar Saba. La sacristie du couvent

Mar Sab&. Klostersakristei

MSr Saba. La sagrestia del convento

Mar SabS. Sacnstia del Convento

153

Mar Saba. Port.co

Mar S£ba. Un porticato

Mar Saba. Torhalle

Mar SabS. Porche

MSr S&ba. Pbrtico

154

M&r S6b6. View of a Monastery Cell Mar S&b£. Une cellule du couvent

M6r S6b&. Bhck auf eine Klosterzelle

M^r S&bd. Veduta di una cella Mar Saba. Una celda del convento

155

Mar Saba. Palm of St. Sabas

Mar Saba. Palmier de saint Sabas

MSr Saba. Palme des HI. Sabas

Mar Saba. La palma di S. Saba

Mar Saba.

La Palma de San Sabas

156

Wadi en Nar

Ouadi en Nar

Wadi en Nar

II Wadi en Nar

Wadi en Nar

157

158

Nabulus

159

Nabulus. Un Chan

160

Nabulus. II santuario di Ridscha! el-Amud Nabulus El Santuario de Ridschal e!-Amud

161

JenTn. Mosque courtyard

DschenTn. Cour de la mosqu6e

DschenTn.

Moscheehof

Genfn. Cortile della Moschea

DschenTn. Patio de una Mezquita

162

i's Well near Sichem

Le puits de Jacob pr6s de Sichem

Der Jacobsbrunnen bei Sichem
fontana di Giacobbe presso Sichem

La Fuente de Jacob en Sichem

163

164

165

Samaria

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166

Samaria. Blick auf das Hippodrom des Herodes

167

Samaria. Ruinen vom Palaste des Herodes

168

169

Samaria Moschea eretta nella chiesa che appartenne ai Crociati Samaria. Mezquita en la antigua Iglesia de los Cruzados

(/)

‘l.

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■*-»

171

Villaggio in Samaria

172

Montagne nell'Hauran Montana en Hauran

173

Landschaftsbild in Samaria

174

Cana Canada

175

Nazareth

Nazareth. Church of the Annunciation Nazareth.

Nazareth. Verkundigungskirche

Nazaret. La Chiesa dell'Annunciazione Nazareth.

L'eglise de I'Annonciation

Iglesia de la Anunciacibn

176

Nazareth. Well in the courtyard of the Church
of the Annunciation

Nazareth Fontaine dans la cour de la cath6drale
de I'Annonciation

Nazaret.

Nazareth. Brunnen im

La fontana nel cortile della Chiesa
dell'Annunciazione

Hofe der Verkundigungskirche

Nazareth. Fuente en el patio de la Iglesia
de la Anunciacidn

177

Nazareth. Capital of a destroyed Crusaders
Church, 12the century

Nazareth. Chapiteau d une 6glise
des crois^s d^truite XII e si^cle

Nazareth. Kapitell einer zerstdrten Kreuzfahrerkirche, 12. Jahrhundert

Nazaret. Capitello di una chiesa gici appartenente
ai Crociati ed ora distrutta. Secolo XII

Nazareth. Capitel de una iglesia de
los Cruzados, siglo 12

178

Nazareth. Mary's Well

Nazareth. Fontaine de la Vierge

Nazareth. Marienbrunnen

Nazaret. La Fonte di Maria

Nazareth. La Fuente de la Virgen

179

Capernaum. Ruins of a synagogue

Kapernaum.

Capernaum. Rovine di una Sinagoga

Capharnaum.
Rumen einer Synagoge

Cafarneum.

Rumes d une synagogue

Ruinas de una Sinagoga

180

Tower of Ramleh

La tour de Ramldh

Der Turm von Ramie

La torre di Ramie

La Torre de Ramie

181

182

El Monte Tabor

183

Tiberiade Tiberiades

184

II posto ove Gesu tenne il Sernnone della Montagna Lugar del Sermon del la Montana

185

1Q6

Tiberiades

187

Magdala sul lago di Genesaret Magdala, en el Lago de Genezareth

189

II posto ove avvenne la miracolosa moltiplicazione dei par)' Lugar del Milagro de la Multiplicacidn de los Panes en el

sul lago di Genesaret Lago de Genesareth

190

Monastery on Mount Carmel Le couvent du mont Carmel

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191

Grotto of Jeremiah Grotte de Jdrdmie sur le mont Carmel

Jeremiasgrotte auf dem Karmel

La grotta di Geremia sul Carmelo Gruta de Jeremias en el Monte Carmelo

192

Acre. Well near the Mosque

Akkft Fontaine de la mosqu6e

Akk&. Brunnen an der Moschee

Akkd La fontana presso la Moschea

AkkS, Fuente en la mezquita

193

194

Akka

195

Akk&. Moschea AkkS. Mezquita

Acre. Atrium of the Mosque

Akk&. Porche de la mosqu6e

AkkS. Vorhalle der Moschee
AkkSl. Porticato d'ingresso alia Moschea

AkkS. Vestibulo de la mezquita

196

Acre.

Courtyard of the Mosque

Akka.

Cour de

la mosqu6e

Akka. Moscheehof

Akka.

II cortile della Moschea

Akka.

Patio de

la mezquita

197

198

AkkS Acueducto 4rabe. construedo en 1800

199

200

Jaffa Jaffa

201

Jafa. Die Klippen vor dem Hafen

202

Msch&tt&. Rovine di palazzi Msch^ttci. Ruinas de un palacio

203

204

Phbnizische Felsengraber

205

La ciudad puerto de Tiro

206

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207

208

Sidonia Sidon

209

Sidonia Torre delle fortificazioni e cappella sepolcrale Sidon. Torre de la Fortaleza y Capilla Mortuoria

210

Sidonia. Kalaat el - Bahr Sidon, Kalaat el - Bahr

211

Sidonia Kalaat el-Mezze Sidon. Kalaat el-Mezze

212

Blick auf BeirQt

213

BeirOt. Vista de una calle

214

Paesaggio nel Libano Paisaje del Lfbano

215

Libanonlandschaft

216

I cedri del Libano Bosque de cedros en el Ubano

217

Un gruppo d, cedri Arboles de cedro

218

219

220

221

Damasco Interno della Moschea degli Omaijadi Damasco. Interior de la Mezquita de los Omayadas

Damascus. Gateway of the Mosque

Damaskus.

Damasco. L'ingresso al cortile della Moschea

Damas. Porte de la cour de la mosqu^e
Tor des Moscheehofs

Damasco. Puerta del Patio de la Mezquita

222

Damascus. Tomb of Saladin

Damas. Tombeau de Saladin

Damaskus.

Saladins Grab

Damasco. La tomba di Saladino

Damasco. La Tumba de Saladino

223

Mosque of Sultan Selim Damas. La mosqu6e du sultan Selim

Damaskus. Moschee Sultan Selim

La Moschea del Sultano Selim Damasco. Mezquita de Selim el Grande

Damasco.

224

Damascus. Street Scene

Damas Une rue

Damaskus

StraBenbild

Damasco. Una strada

Damasco Vista de una ealle

225

Damascus. Mosque Courtyard

Damas. Cour de mosqu^e

Damaskus. Moscheehof

Damasco. II cortile d'una Moschea

Damasco. Patio de una mezquita

:j26

Damascus. Interior of an Arabian Bath

Damas. IntArieur d'un bain arabe

Damaskus. Inneres eines arabischen Bades

Damasco. L interno di un bagno arabo

Oamasco. Interior de un bafto Arabe

229

Baalbek. La gran pietra Ba albek. La Gran Piedra

230

Ba'albek Blick auf die Akropolis

231

Baalbek. Interne del Temp,o del Sole Baalbek Interior del Templo del Sol

Baalbek. Entrance to the Temple of the Sun Ba albek. Entrbe du temple du Soleil

Ba albek. Eingang zum Sonnentempel

Baalbek. Ingresso al Tempio del Sole

Ba albek. Entrada al Tempio del Sol

232

Baalbek,

Baalbek.

Columns near the Temple of the Sun Ba albek.

Baalbek. S&ulen am Sonnentempel
Le colonne del Tempio del Sole Ba albek.

Colonnes du temple du Soleil

Columnas del Tempio del Sol

233

Baalbek Columns of the Temple of Jupiter Ba albek, Les colonnes du temple de Jupiter

Ba'albek Die Saulen des Jupitertempels

Baalbek Le colonne del Tempio di giove Ba'albek. Columnas del Templo de Jupiter

234

Baalbek View from the Acropolis to Lebanon Ba’albek. Vue du haut de I'Acropote sur le Liban

Ba albek Blick von der Akropolis auf den Libanon

Baalbek. Veduta sul Libano dallAcropoli Ba albek Vista del Lfbano desde la Acrdpol.s

235

236

237

Aleppo

238

Aleppo. Gate of the Citadel Alep. Porte de la citadelle

339

Alepo. En la Ciudadela

240

Palmyra

241

Palmyra. Colonnade and Triumphal Arch Palmyre. Colonnade et arc de triomphe

Palmyra. Temple columns

Palmyre. Colonnes du temple

Palmyra. Tempels&ulen

Palmira. Colonne del Tempio

Palmira. Columnas del Tempio

242

Palmyra. Vaulted tomb with paintings dating
from the time of the Roman Empire

Palmyre. Sepulture avec peintures morales, datant
de l'6poque des empereurs romains

Palmyra. Grabgewdlbe mit Wandmalereien aus der rdmischen Kaiserzeit

Palmira. Tomba a vdlta con pitture murali
dell'espoca imperiale romana

Palmira. Bdveda funeraria con frescos romanos
de la bpoca del Imperio

243

Diarbekr. Courtyard of the Great Mosque Diarbekir. Cour de la grande mosqu6e. Fagade ouest

Diarbekir. Hof der grossen Moschee. Westfassade

Diarbekir. Cortile della grande Moschea.
Facciata occidentale

Diarbekir. Patio de la Gran Mezquita.
Fachada occidental

244

Diarbekr. Interior of the Great Mosque

Diarbekir.

Diarbekir. Interno della grande Moschea

Diarb6kir Int6rieur de la grande mosqufie
Inneres der groben Moschee

Diarbekir Interior de la Gran Mezquita

245

246

247

Chidr Elia. Tomba a cupola Chidr Elias. Bbveda mortuoria

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248

Antike Zisteme bei Urfah

Village on the Tigris

Village sur le Tigre

Dorf am Tigris

Villaggio sul Tigri

Aldea en las mdrgenes del Tigris

24y

250

251

Arbela Arbelles

252

Takrit Islamic sanctuary Takrit. Sanctuaire islamique

253

254

255

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Assur. Contrafforti del Gebel Chanuke, nello sfondo le rovine Assur. Ramales de la montana Dschebel Chanuke. En el fondo

con la torre del Tempio (Zikurat) ruinas con la torre del templo (Zikurat)

257

258

Assur. Nordfront mit Zikurat

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NimrCid. Ruins of the Temple Tower (Zikurat)
and winged bull at the gate

NimroOd. Ruines de la tour du temple (ziggurat)
et taureau ail6

Nimrud. Ruine des Tempelturms (Zikurat) und geflugelter Torstier

Nimrud. Rovine della torre del Tempio (Zikurat)
e toro alato sulla Porta

Nimrud. Ruina de la torre del tempio Zikurat
y toros con alas

260

Ndbi YOnus. Town on the ruins of Nineveh Nebi Younous, ville bfitie sur les ruines de Ninive

NSbi Junus. Die Stadt auf den Trummern Nmives

NSbi Yunus. La cittSi sulla rovine di Ninive NSbi Junus. Ciudad construlda sobre las ruinas de Nfnivi

261

NSbi Yunus.

Nebi Yunus.

Mimbar in the Mosque of Jonah
Nebi Junus.

Mimbar nella Moschea di Giona

Nebi Yoonous. Mimbar dans la mosqude de Jonas
Mimbar in der Jonasmoschee

Neb. Junus. Mimbar en la Mezquita de Jonds

262

M6sul. Mosque courtyard Mossoul. Cour d'une mosqu6e

Mosul. Moscheehof

Mossul. Cortile d'una Moschea Mosul. Patio de una mezquita

263

Hatra. Palace ruins

Hatra. Ruines d'un palais

Hatra. Palastruine

Hatra. Rovine di un palazzo

Hatra. Ruinas de un palacio

264

Kerkuk. Coloured stone mosque

KerkoOk Mosqu6e de couleurs varides

Kerkuk. Bunte Moschee

Kerkuk. Moschea in pietra a vans colore

Kerkuk. Mezquita pintada con diversos colores

265

Mdsul. Minaret of the Great Mosque Mossoul. Minaret de la grande mosqude

Mosul. Minaret der groSen Moschee

Mossul. Minareto della grande Moschea Mosul. Minarete de la Gran Mezquita

266

Samarra.

Minaret of the Great Mosque S^marS. Mmaret de la grande mosqu6e

Samarra. Minaret der groBen Moschee

Minareto della grande Moschea Samara. Minarete de la Gran Mezquita

26/

FV:

268

Ctesiphon. Palace ruins Ct6siphon. Ruines du palais

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

DISm Beduinen

276

277

El Koweit. Ships in harbour

278

279

Garije el Galil nel Yemen Gar.je el Gain en el Yemen

280

281

Sana. Jardfn el DJose

282

Sana. Piazza della citt& Sana. Plaza de la ciudad

283

Sana. Detalle de la fachada de una casa £rabe

284

San&a. Mosque Sana. Mosqu^e

285

Mocca. Mosque

Mocca. Moschea

La Mecque. Mosqu6e

Mokka. Moschee

Mezquita en la ciudad de Moka

286

>'Y».

Medina. Tomb of the Prophet

M6dine. Tombeau du Proph6te

Medina. Grab des Propheten

Medina. La tomba del Profeta

La Tumba del Profeta en Medina

287

288

Medina

28Q

Taiz in Yemen Tarz dans IY6men

290

La Mecque

291

Mekka. Pilger vor der Kaaba

292

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293

294

295

S»nai. Chiesa e Moschea sulla cima del Gebel MQsSl El Sinai, Iglesia y mezquita en la cumbre del Djebel Musa

296

La Salita del Convento sul Sinai Subida al Monasterio del Monte Sinai

297

Mount Sinai. Chapel of the Burning Bush in the
Monastery of St. Catherine

SinaY. La Chapelle du Buisson ardent dans le couvent
Ste. Catherine

Sinai. Kapelle des brennenden Dornenbusches im Kathrinenkloster

Sinai. La Cappella del Roveto Ardente nel
Convento delle Caterine

Capilla de la Zarza ardiente en el monasterio
de Santa Catarina

298

Mount Sinai. Confession Steps

SmaV. Escalier de la Confession

Sinai. Beichttreppe

Sinai. La Scala della Confessione

El Sinai. Escalera de la Confesion

299

300

301

302

303

Petra. Ornamental detail of tomb Petra. Couronnement d'un tombeau

Petra. Grabbekrdnuna

Petra. Cresta tombale Petra. Columna ornamental de una tumba

304

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